Child Development Psychosocial Stages

Trust vs. Mistrust

• When a baby is born until she is 18 months old she goes through the trust vs. mistrust stage of development. During this time a baby learns whether the world is a warm and safe place to exist, or whether it is a cruel place in which there is no hope. A baby who is loved, nurtured and has all of her needs taken care of will develop a sense of hope and confidence. A child who is neglected, not held and does not get changed, fed or clothed properly will develop a sense of mistrust that could lead to problems such as depression in later life.

Autonomy vs. Shame

• A child between the ages of 18 months and 3 years goes through the autonomy vs. shame stage. It is during this period a child's self esteem begin to develop. A child in this stage is exploring the world, gaining independence and learning to do things for himself. A child who is encouraged to try and praised for successes will develop a strong sense of autonomy and positive self esteem. A toddler who is discouraged from attempting new things or who is yelled at or made fun of for mistakes will develop a sense of shame and low self esteem.

Initiative vs. Guilt

• A child between the age of 3 and 5 years struggles with initiative vs. guilt. During this period of development a child takes initiative in creative and fantasy play. She imitates adult behavior and play needs less adult direction. A child who learns to play well with others and takes a leadership role has achieved initiative. A child who relies heavily on adult direction, has a fear of taking a leadership roles and does not play well with others or engage in imaginative play is said to have acquired guilt in this stage.

Industry vs. Inferiority

• A child between the ages of 6 and 12 years develops a sense of industry or inferiority. During this period of time a child begins to learn basic life skills, as well as experience success in mastering tougher subjects in school. He learns appropriate and more ways to socialize with peers and group activities becomes an important part of play. When a child experiences success and has confidence in his ability he has achieved a sense of industry. A child who feels incompetent in school or in a peer setting will develop a sense of inferiority.